Week+1+-+Paraphrasing+and+Summarizing+-+Lecture+notes

COMARTS - Paraphrasing/Summarizing lecture notes []

__Paraphrasing__
 * What is the difference between summarizing and paraphrasing?
 * When is paraphrasing important?
 * Why is paraphrasing important in academic writing?

Paraphrasing strategy:
 * Understand the text’s meaning. Read the original carefully, then read it again.
 * Do NOT look at the original when writing your paraphrased version.
 * Be sure NOT to change the MEANING of the text.
 * Be careful with verb tenses, as getting them wrong can easily change the meaning. Ex: "Krispy Kreme said it will spend 12 million baht to open another Bangkok store." is very different from "The donut-maker invested 12 million baht in another store."

The important thing about paraphrasing is that there is no “minimum amount” you can do. You must change the sentences and their wording so much that they do not look the same anymore. Use as many of the following techniques as possible:

Paraphrasing techniques:

1. __Synonyms__ fast → quick → rapid → accelerated → hurried → swift 2. __Word forms (verbs__ ←→ <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> __nouns ←→ adjectives, etc.)__ <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">satisfy, satisfaction, satisfying, satisfactory

← →

3. <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Active ←→ Passive voice__ <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The company exports products to Germany. Products are exported to Germany by the company.

4. <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Affirmative ←→ Negative (in comparisons)__ <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Asian students are better at math than Western students. Western students are worse at math than Asian students.

5. <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Word order__ <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">gold prices prices of gold

Todd’s class the class of Todd

6. <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Connectors__ <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Changing FANBOYS, coordinating conjunctions, adverbs, etc. Ex.: consequently -> therefore -> hence although -> despite

7. <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Sentence types__ <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Simple sentences -> compound or complex. Compound or complex -> simple sentences.

8. <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__Phrases ←→ Clauses__ <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Thai Airways’ decision to launch a new airline (PHRASE)→ Thai Airways decided to launch a new airline (CLAUSE)

<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">__Summarizing__


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Summarizing is another way to use information, like quotes and paraphrasing, from outside sources to support your ideas.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Summarizing condenses a writer's words and summarizes the main ideas.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Summarized texts must still be cited to the original author.

<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Summarizing strategies:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Read the text and make sure you understand it.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Locate and highlight the main points. A good place to start are the topic sentences for each paragraph.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rewrite the material using the main points you found, but leave out the evidence and examples.

<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Review (or … summary, if you prefer :P)
 * || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Summarizing || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Paraphrasing ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Content || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Summary of the main points only. No supporting details. || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Everything from the original. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Writing || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rewrite in your own wording. No copying. || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rewrite in your own wording. No copying. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Length || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Approximately 30 percent of the original's length. || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">About the same length. (Maybe slightly shorter if you wrote it better than the original.) ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Citation || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Must cite the original author. Otherwise is plagiarism. || <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Must cite the original author. Otherwise is plagiarism. ||